I computer quantistici hanno il potenziale per completare algoritmi specifici a velocità più elevate e maggiore precisione rispetto ai supercomputer più avanzati. Per comprendere al meglio l'informatica quantistica e il suo enorme potenziale, dobbiamo partire dal concetto di informazione stessa. L'informatica classica elabora e manipola dati e Questi computer manipolano i utilizzando "bit" binari (una serie di 1 e 0) di informazione. I bit possono assumere solo uno valore alla volta: possono essere, infatti, solo "1" o "0", mai entrambi. Allo stesso modo Invece, i computer quantistici utilizzano "bit quantistici" o "qubit" per archiviare e manipolare le informazioni. Non così allo stesso Rispetto ai bit classici, i qubit che possono esistere in molti stati contemporaneamente. Questa caratteristica dei qubit è un aspetto fondamentale per la computazione quantistica.
Vantaggi dell'informatica quantistica
I qubit impiegano tempo e sforzi per essere realizza.i: a differenza dei bit, non sono facilmente accessibili. Questo gioca un ruolo enorme nella produzione e implementazione di computer quantistici. Esistono due modi principali per creare qubit. Un modo è raffreddare i circuiti superconduttivi a temperature estremamente basse, in maniera tale che essi possono essere isolati ed esibire un comportamento quantistico. Il secondo modo è creare una camera a vuoto estremo, in cui i singoli atomi possono essere intrappolati in campi elettromagnetici su chip di silicio., isolando così i qubit in uno stato quantico controllato.
In order to control the input and output of a quantum computer, we must control the state of qubits, that is, to put them in a usable state. To best control the state of a qubit, quantum computing uses three primary mechanical traits.
Superposition
This occurs when a qubit is in a combination of states. In classical computing terms, this would be if a bit were both “1” and “0” at the same time.
Entanglement
This occurs when a pair of qubits exist in the same quantum state, working together as a system.
Interference
This occurs when qubits interact or respond to their surroundings, causing their behavior to slow and then stop. Interference allows us to manipulate the qubit to different states.
Fault Tolerance and Quantum Supremacy
Quantum computers can perform several functions and algorithms, the most common application being an algorithm that finds the “best” solution among many. Currently, most quantum computers can only run one algorithm at a time, using huge amounts of energy. The future of goal quantum computers is a fault-tolerant quantum computer, one that would be able to run several algorithms simultaneously and remain running for long periods of time, all while using less energy than existing technology.
There are two main goals when trying to achieve a fault-tolerant quantum computer: a high qubit count and a low error-rate.
With more qubits, a quantum computer can manipulate and store more data. The problem is that unlike regular bits, qubits must go through a physical process to be created and maintained, thus slowing the process of achieving a high qubit count. To accurately manipulate the necessary qubits, a low error rate is needed. This would allow the machine to provide factually accurate information instead of meaningless noise from the system.
The achievable height of quantum computing is quantum supremacy. A quantum computer has reached supremacy when it can complete an algorithm that is conclusively beyond the power of advanced supercomputers. This was achieved by Google in 2019 when Dr. John Martinis led an experiment in which a quantum computer carried out a specific calculation that is beyond the practical capabilities of regular, ‘classical’ computers.
Commercialization
While many consider quantum supremacy to be the end-all-be-all goal for quantum computing, the true test is commercialization. Quantum computers can be commercialized when application-specific quantum computing systems can be targeted to solve current, on-going problems. Without commercialization, there is little real-world incentive for quantum computing.
To reach commercialization, quantum computers must have the properties of fault tolerant systems but be scaled down to a reasonable size, structure, and use-case.
Commercialization is where SEEQC differs from its counterparts.